.308 vs 45-70: A Comprehensive Guide for Bear Country & Beyond
As an outdoor writer and adventurer with over a decade spent in the field, I’m frequently asked about cartridge selection for defense against large predators, particularly bears. The question of .308 vs 45-70 consistently arises, and for good reason. Both are capable cartridges, but they excel in different areas. This article will provide a detailed comparison, covering ballistics, effective range, stopping power, and ultimately, helping you determine which cartridge is best suited for your needs, especially when operating in bear country. We’ll also look at variations like 45-70 bear loads and how they stack up against other options.
Understanding the Cartridges: .308 Winchester & 45-70 Government
Let's start with a foundational understanding of each cartridge. The .308 Winchester (7.62x51mm NATO) is a centerfire cartridge known for its accuracy, moderate recoil, and versatility. It’s a staple in military and law enforcement applications, and incredibly popular for hunting medium to large game. The 45-70 Government, on the other hand, is a much older cartridge, dating back to 1873. Originally designed for the Springfield Model 1873 rifle, it’s a straight-walled, large-bore cartridge known for its significant stopping power at shorter ranges. It’s historically been favored for big game hunting, including bear, and remains a popular choice for those seeking a powerful, traditional cartridge.
.308 Winchester: Strengths and Weaknesses
The .308 offers several advantages. It’s readily available, relatively affordable, and offers a flatter trajectory than the 45-70, making it easier to shoot accurately at longer distances. REI Expert Advice highlights the .308’s versatility, noting its suitability for a wide range of hunting scenarios. However, its lighter bullet weight and lower sectional density mean it may struggle to penetrate thick hide and bone effectively, especially on a charging bear. While a well-placed shot with a .308 can certainly be effective, it requires precise shot placement. The question of can a .308 kill a bear is often asked, and the answer is yes, but it's not the ideal choice for many situations.
45-70 Government: Strengths and Weaknesses
The 45-70’s primary strength lies in its sheer power. It launches heavy bullets at moderate velocities, delivering tremendous energy on impact. This makes it exceptionally effective at close to medium ranges, particularly against large, tough animals like bears. The large diameter bullet creates a significant wound channel, increasing the likelihood of a quick stop. However, the 45-70 suffers from a curved trajectory, requiring careful range estimation and holdover. Recoil is also significantly higher than the .308, which can be a challenge for some shooters. Finding appropriate 45 70 bear loads is crucial to maximizing its effectiveness.
Ballistics and Range: .308 vs 45-70
Let's dive into the numbers. Ballistics are crucial when considering self-defense scenarios. Here's a general comparison (actual performance will vary based on specific ammunition):
| Characteristic | .308 Winchester (150gr bullet) | 45-70 Government (300gr bullet) |
|---|---|---|
| Velocity (fps) | 2800 | 1300 |
| Energy (ft-lbs) | 2640 | 2200 |
| Effective Range (yards) | 600-800 | 200-300 |
| Trajectory | Flatter | More Curved |
As you can see, the .308 boasts a higher velocity and flatter trajectory, extending its effective range. However, the 45-70 delivers more energy at closer ranges. A 45 70 range chart will be invaluable for understanding bullet drop at various distances. Understanding the 45 70 bullet drop chart is essential for accurate shooting.
Bullet Drop and Wind Drift
The .308’s flatter trajectory minimizes bullet drop and wind drift, making it easier to hit targets at longer distances. The 45-70’s curved trajectory requires more significant adjustments for range and wind. This is particularly important in dynamic situations where a quick shot may be required.
Stopping Power and Bear Defense: Which Cartridge Reigns Supreme?
When it comes to bear defense, stopping power is paramount. The goal isn’t necessarily penetration, but rather delivering enough energy to disrupt the bear’s central nervous system or cause a debilitating injury. The 45-70, with its heavy bullet and significant energy transfer, generally has the edge in this department. The National Park Service emphasizes the importance of carrying bear spray and knowing how to use it, but also acknowledges the potential need for a firearm in certain situations.
However, the .308 can be effective with the right ammunition. Using heavier bullets (180gr or heavier) and premium expanding bullets can improve its performance. Some hunters even use black tip .308 rounds, designed for increased penetration, though their legality varies by location.
Comparing to Other Options: 450 Bushmaster & .338 Federal
It’s also worth considering other cartridges often discussed in the context of bear defense. The 450 Bushmaster for black bear is a powerful option, offering similar energy levels to the 45-70 in a more modern platform. The .338 Federal vs .308 presents a good middle ground, offering more power than the .308 but with less recoil than the 45-70. The 338 Lapua vs 45-70 is a comparison of long-range precision versus close-range stopping power – the Lapua excels at distance, while the 45-70 dominates up close.
Practical Considerations and Scenarios
The best cartridge for you depends on your specific needs and the environment you’ll be operating in.
- Dense Cover: In thick brush or forests where shots are likely to be close-range, the 45-70’s stopping power is a significant advantage.
- Open Terrain: In open terrain where longer shots are possible, the .308’s flatter trajectory and greater range are beneficial.
- Recoil Tolerance: If you’re sensitive to recoil, the .308 is a more manageable option.
- Ammunition Availability: .308 ammunition is much more readily available than 45-70.
.308 for Grizzly Bear vs. Black Bear
While a .308 can be effective on a black bear with proper shot placement, it’s generally considered insufficient for grizzly bears. The larger size and thicker hide of a grizzly require significantly more stopping power. 308 for grizzly bear defense is not recommended by most experts.
Final Thoughts: .45-70 vs .308 – Making the Right Choice
The debate between 45-70 vs .308 isn’t about which cartridge is “better,” but rather which is better suited for a particular task. For dedicated bear defense, especially in close quarters, the 45-70 Government holds a distinct advantage. However, the .308 Winchester remains a versatile and capable cartridge, particularly for those who prioritize accuracy, range, and manageable recoil. Ultimately, the most important factor is proficiency with your chosen firearm and a thorough understanding of its limitations. Remember to always practice safe gun handling and adhere to all local regulations. And, as always, carry bear spray as your primary defense – it’s proven to be highly effective in deterring bear attacks. Don't forget to review Leave No Trace principles when venturing into the backcountry.
Can a .308 Kill a Bear?
Yes, a .308 can kill a bear, but it requires precise shot placement and may not be sufficient for larger bears like grizzlies.
45 70 Bear Loads
Look for heavy bullet weights (300-500 grains) and specialized loads designed for deep penetration and maximum energy transfer.
Black Tip .308
These rounds feature a hardened steel core for increased penetration, but their legality varies by state and are often restricted.
45 70 Range Chart
Bullet drop is significant with the 45-70. Consult a ballistic chart specific to your chosen ammunition to understand holdover points at different distances.
45 70 Bullet Drop Chart
A typical 300-grain bullet will drop several inches at 200 yards and significantly more at 300 yards. Accurate range estimation is crucial.
308 for Grizzly Bear
Generally not recommended. The .308 lacks the necessary stopping power for a charging grizzly bear.
450 Bushmaster for Black Bear
A viable option, offering similar energy levels to the 45-70 but in a more modern AR-15 platform.
.338 Federal vs .308
.338 Federal offers more power and energy than the .308, making it a better choice for larger game and potential bear encounters.
338 Lapua vs 45-70
The .338 Lapua excels at extreme long-range shooting, while the 45-70 is optimized for close-range stopping power.